The next capacity test
After Dencun introduced blobs in March 2024, rollups gained a cheaper way to post transaction data to Ethereum. The result was a sharp reduction in data costs for many layer 2 networks, but also a decline in fee income flowing directly to Ethereum. The next phase is designed to expand that market rather than redesign the user experience.
Ethereum developers have been preparing a major upgrade commonly associated with Fusaka, with PeerDAS, or peer data availability sampling, at its center. The technology is intended to let validators verify that large quantities of blob data are available without requiring every validator to download and process all of it. That should allow the network to raise blob capacity while keeping hardware requirements within reach.
The timeline depends on client implementation, testing and agreement among Ethereum’s core developers. Execution and consensus clients must ship compatible releases, validators need to upgrade before activation, and large operators must test the higher bandwidth and storage demands. The technical work is substantial because a failed or poorly coordinated upgrade could create risks for the very validators that provide Ethereum’s security.
Cheaper data, thinner margins
For rollups, additional blobs represent lower input costs and more room to compete on transaction fees. That is positive for applications and users, particularly as networks seek to attract stablecoin payments, trading activity and consumer applications. It also changes the economics of operating a rollup.
Sequencers generally collect fees from users and pay Ethereum for data availability. When data costs fall, the spread between user fees and settlement expenses can widen. Yet competition may quickly transfer that benefit to users. Rollups can reduce fees, subsidize applications or offer incentives to developers, leaving operators with limited pricing power.
The largest networks are better positioned to absorb that pressure. They have established liquidity, wallets, developer ecosystems and valuable order flow. Smaller rollups may gain access to cheaper capacity, but lower costs alone do not solve the problem of acquiring users. Capital could therefore continue moving toward a handful of dominant layer 2 platforms, even as total transaction capacity expands.
Sequencers also remain an important concentration point. Centralized sequencing can produce predictable revenue and efficient execution, but it gives operators control over ordering and fee collection. As margins tighten, the value of that control may increase, particularly for networks that can monetize trading activity or specialized applications.
What happens to ETH?
Ethereum’s investment case depends partly on whether greater usage creates demand for ETH and strengthens the fee market that supports the network. More rollup activity can increase settlement demand, but the relationship is not automatic. If abundant blob capacity keeps fees low, Ethereum may process more data while burning less ETH.
That creates a tension between adoption and monetization. Ethereum could become essential infrastructure for a growing data market while capturing a smaller share of the cash flows generated by applications and sequencers. Investors will be watching blob utilization, fee burn, staking participation and the distribution of activity across rollups, not simply headline transaction counts.
The upgrade therefore represents more than a technical capacity increase. It is a test of whether Ethereum can scale its data market without turning itself into a low-margin settlement layer whose strongest businesses operate elsewhere.
Ethan Brooks is not a person. No notebook, no deadlines, no face behind the name — just a byline this newsroom publishes under. Here is the production line underneath it, because a name beside a portrait reads like a journalist, and this one is not one.
The models. Writing: gpt-5.6-luna. Out on the live web: gpt-5.6-luna and gpt-5.6-terra. Pictures: gpt-image-1. Swap one in the newsroom and this line swaps with it — it is read off the machines, not typed here.
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If that sounds less like a newsroom and more like a factory: quite. It is called Press Factory.
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